What's the preferred PCB surface finish within the industry? |
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During the design phase of a printed circuit board one of the decisions that needs to be made is what surface finish to select. Unfortunately there's no one "best" PCB surface finish and all finishes have both good and bad points. Selecting a surface finish is a matter of making a decision based on trade-offs that are most appropriate for the intended use.
HASL
The most widely used surface finish is HASL (Hot Air Solder Leveling). The process in which this is produced is by dipping the PCB into molten solder and then the excess is cleaned off using hot-air knives to leave behind the thinnest possible layer of solder. It's generally the cheapest finish available and a great choice for general-purpose boards. One downside to HASL is that even after the hot-air knife has cleaned off as much excess as possible, the meniscus of the solder will still cause the edges of pads to be slightly rounded. This can cause parts to not place accurately and also cause vision problems with fiducial marks.
LFHASL or LFHAL
Lead-Free Hot Air Solder Leveling (LF-HASL) is similar to HASL in appearance and usage; however, the solder in this case contains a mix of 99.3% Tin and 0.6% Copper. This alloy results in a higher melting point for lead-free solder, when compared with leaded solder, requiring a slight modification for the Reflow Soldering process. LF-HASL is a replacement for leaded solder, used when a lead-free or RoHS Compliant PCB is required. Please note that a High-Temperature Laminate Material is needed for applying this finish; otherwise, the process is identical.
OSP
The biggest advantage of an OSP (Organic Solderability Preservative) finished board is the price. OSP boards tend to be cheaper than those fabricated with other surfaces such as HASL, Immersion Silver or ENIG. Another advantage that OSP has, particularly as compared to HASL finished boards, is the flatness of the pads. The issue in the past with OSP was that the coating didn't hold up well to multiple heat cycles. Over the past 10 years or so there has been an improvement in this area but careful storage of PCB's should still be considered.
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Immersion Tin
As with all immersion coatings, a chemical process is used. A flat layer of metal is deposited on the copper traces. The flatness of the coating makes it ideal for small components. Tin is the least expensive type of immersion coating. Although it is an economical choice, it comes with some drawbacks. The main drawback is that after the tin is deposited onto the copper it begins to tarnish. That means that if you want to avoid lower quality solder joints, you need to do your soldering within 30 days. If you are expecting a high volume of production this may not be an issue. And if you are using large batches of boards quickly, you can avoid tarnishing. However, if your production volume isn’t high, it may be better to choose a coating like immersion silver.
Immersion Silver
Immersion silver PCB's are flat and generally cost less than ENIG but have more handling, packaging and storage requirements leading to a shorter shelf life. The problem is that it tarnishes quickly and is adversely affected by touch - quite often the silver finish changes over time and can be seen as having a rainbow effect. As long as the manufacturers guidelines are followed then silver PCB's are a cost effective solution but there are the extra quality concerns that should be considered.
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ENIG
The ENIG (Electroless Nickel Immersion Gold) PCB finish does tend to be the more expensive finish but does give the best results with respect to its solderability, corrosion resistance and being flat. It consists of an underlying layer of nickel with a thin layer of gold over the top. The gold layer is very thin and not intended to provide the main structure of the track, it just acts as a protective coating for the nickel to prevent it tarnishing before it's soldered. Gold is extremely resistant to corrosion so ENIG has several good points: it can be touched with bare fingers without tarnishing, has a very long shelf life, and the pads / tracks are very flat and square-edged - something that can be important for fine-pitch surface-mount parts.
EPAG/EPIG
The EPAG (Electroless Palladium Autocatalytic Gold) PCB finish and EPIG (Electoless Palladium Immersion Gold) PCB finish are a direct palladium surface finish. EPIG and EPAG are basically the same finish, but with the Auto-catalytic Gold you can get a higher Gold thickness on the Electroless Palladium – so it can be used for more assembly techniques such as gold wire bonding as well as soldering therefore it is a more universal finish. This finish is for any market that needs non-magnetic bonding ie military, aerospace and deep sea RF.
And the preferred surface finish is . . .
All of the available surface finishes have their benefits but in general the preferred surface finish within the industry is ENIG because of the long shelf life, tarnish resistance, RoHS-compliance, and easy soldering compared to other surface finishes. It is more expensive than Silver but overall the results are worth it.
